What is Data Clustering
Clustering of numerical data forms the basis of many classification and system modeling algorithms. The purpose of clustering is to identify natural groupings of data from a large data set to produce a concise representation of a system's behavior.
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox tools allow you to find clusters in input-output training data. You can use the cluster information to generate a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system that best models the data behavior using a minimum number of rules. The rules partition themselves according to the fuzzy qualities associated with each of the data clusters. Use the command-line function, genfis2 to automatically accomplish this type of FIS generation.
Fuzzy C-Means Clustering
Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is a data clustering technique wherein each data point belongs to a cluster to some degree that is specified by a membership grade. This technique was originally introduced by Jim Bezdek in 1981[1] as an improvement on earlier clustering methods. It provides a method that shows how to group data points that populate some multidimensional space into a specific number of different clusters.
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox command line function fcm starts with an initial guess for the cluster centers, which are intended to mark the mean location of each cluster. The initial guess for these cluster centers is most likely incorrect. Additionally, fcm assigns every data point a membership grade for each cluster. By iteratively updating the cluster centers and the membership grades for each data point, fcm iteratively moves the cluster centers to the right location within a data set. This iteration is based on minimizing an objective function that represents the distance from any given data point to a cluster center weighted by that data point's membership grade.
The command line function fcm outputs a list of cluster centers and several membership grades for each data point. You can use the information returned by fcm to help you build a fuzzy inference system by creating membership functions to represent the fuzzy qualities of each cluster.
An Example: 2-D Clusters
You can use quasi-random two-dimensional data to illustrate how FCM clustering works. To load the data set and plot it, type the following commands:
load fcmdata.dat
plot(fcmdata(:,1),fcmdata(:,2),'o')
Next, invoke the command-line function fcm to find two clusters in this data set until the objective function is no longer decreasing much at all.
[center,U,objFcn] = fcm(fcmdata,2);
Here, the variable center contains the coordinates of the two cluster centers, U contains the membership grades for each of the data points, and objFcn contains a history of the objective function across the iterations.
This command returns the following result:
Iteration count = 1, obj. fcn = 8.794048
Iteration count = 2, obj. fcn = 6.986628
.....
Iteration count = 12, obj. fcn = 3.797430
The fcm function is an iteration loop built on top of the following routines:
stepfcm — performs one iteration of clustering
To view the progress of the clustering, plot the objective function by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(objFcn)
title('Objective Function Values')
xlabel('Iteration Count')
ylabel('Objective Function Value')
Finally, plot the two cluster centers found by the fcm function using the following code:
maxU = max(U);
index1 = find(U(1, :) == maxU);
index2 = find(U(2, :) == maxU);
figure
line(fcmdata(index1, 1), fcmdata(index1, 2), 'linestyle',...
'none','marker', 'o','color','g');
line(fcmdata(index2,1),fcmdata(index2,2),'linestyle',...
'none','marker', 'x','color','r');
hold on
plot(center(1,1),center(1,2),'ko','markersize',15,'LineWidth',2)
plot(center(2,1),center(2,2),'kx','markersize',15,'LineWidth',2)
Note Every time you run this example, the fcm function initializes with different initial conditions. This behavior swaps the order in which the cluster centers are computed and plotted. |
In the following figure, the large characters indicate cluster centers.
Subtractive Clustering
If you do not have a clear idea how many clusters there should be for a given set of data, Subtractive clustering, [2], is a fast, one-pass algorithm for estimating the number of clusters and the cluster centers in a set of data. The cluster estimates, which are obtained from the subclust function, can be used to initialize iterative optimization-based clustering methods (fcm) and model identification methods (like anfis). The subclust function finds the clusters by using the subtractive clustering method.
The genfis2 function builds upon the subclust function to provide a fast, one-pass method to take input-output training data and generate a Sugeno-type fuzzy inference system that models the data behavior.
An Example: Suburban Commuting
In this example, you apply the genfis2 function to model the relationship between the number of automobile trips generated from an area and the area's demographics. Demographic and trip data are from 100 traffic analysis zones in New Castle County, Delaware. Five demographic factors are considered: population, number of dwelling units, vehicle ownership, median household income, and total employment. Hence, the model has five input variables and one output variable.
Load and plot the data by typing the following commands:
clear
close all
mytripdata
subplot(2,1,1), plot(datin)
subplot(2,1,2), plot(datout)
The next figure displays the input and the output data.
The function tripdata creates several variables in the workspace. Of the original 100 data points, use 75 data points as training data (datin and datout) and 25 data points as checking data, (as well as for test data to validate the model). The checking data input/output pairs are denoted by chkdatin and chkdatout.
Use the genfis2 function to generate a model from data using clustering. genfis2 requires you to specify a cluster radius. The cluster radius indicates the range of influence of a cluster when you consider the data space as a unit hypercube. Specifying a small cluster radius usually yields many small clusters in the data, and results in many rules. Specifying a large cluster radius usually yields a few large clusters in the data, and results in fewer rules. The cluster radius is specified as the third argument of genfis2. The following syntax calls the genfis2 function using a cluster radius of 0.5.
fismat=genfis2(datin,datout,0.5);
The genfis2 function is a fast, one-pass method that does not perform any iterative optimization. A FIS structure is returned; the model type for the FIS structure is a first order Sugeno model with three rules.
Use the following commands to verify the model. Here, trnRMSE is the root mean square error of the system generated by the training data.
fuzout=evalfis(datin,fismat);
trnRMSE=norm(fuzout-datout)/sqrt(length(fuzout))
These commands return the following result:
trnRMSE =
0.5276
Next, apply the test data to the FIS to validate the model. In this example, the checking data is used for both checking and testing the FIS parameters. Here, chkRMSE is the root mean square error of the system generated by the checking data.
chkfuzout=evalfis(chkdatin,fismat);
chkRMSE=norm(chkfuzout-chkdatout)/sqrt(length(chkfuzout))
These commands return the following result:
chkRMSE =
0.6179
Use the following commands to plot the output of the model chkfuzout against the checking data chkdatout.
figure
plot(chkdatout)
hold on
plot(chkfuzout,'o')
hold off
The model output and checking data are shown as circles and solid blue line, respectively. The plot shows the model does not perform well on the checking data.
At this point, you can use the optimization capability of anfis to improve the model. First, try using a relatively short anfis training (20 epochs) without implementing the checking data option, and then test the resulting FIS model against the testing data. To perform the optimization, type the following command:
fismat2=anfis([datin datout],fismat,[20 0 0.1]);
Here, 20 is the number of epochs, 0 is the training error goal, and 0.1 is the initial step size.
This command returns the following result:
ANFIS info:
Number of nodes: 44
Number of linear parameters: 18
Number of nonlinear parameters: 30
Total number of parameters: 48
Number of training data pairs: 75
Number of checking data pairs: 0
Number of fuzzy rules: 3
Start training ANFIS ...
1 0.527607
.
.
20 0.420275
Designated epoch number reached --> ANFIS training completed at epoch 20.
After the training is done, validate the model by typing the following commands:
fuzout2=evalfis(datin,fismat2);
trnRMSE2=norm(fuzout2-datout)/sqrt(length(fuzout2))
chkfuzout2=evalfis(chkdatin,fismat2);
chkRMSE2=norm(chkfuzout2-chkdatout)/sqrt(length(chkfuzout2))
These commands return the following results:
trnRMSE2 =
0.4203
chkRMSE2 =
0.5894
The model has improved a lot with respect to the training data, but only a little with respect to the checking data. Plot the improved model output obtained using anfis against the testing data by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(chkdatout)
hold on
plot(chkfuzout2,'o')
hold off
The next figure shows the model output.
The model output and checking data are shown as circles and solid blue line, respectively. This plot shows that genfis2 can be used as a stand-alone, fast method for generating a fuzzy model from data, or as a preprocessor to anfis for determining the initial rules. An important advantage of using a clustering method to find rules is that the resultant rules are more tailored to the input data than they are in a FIS generated without clustering. This reduces the problem of an excessive propagation of rules when the input data has a high dimension.
Overfitting
Overfitting can be detected when the checking error starts to increase while the training error continues to decrease.
To check the model for overfitting, use anfis with the checking data option to train the model for 200 epochs. Here, fismat3 is the FIS structure when the training error reaches a minimum. fismat4 is the snapshot FIS structure taken when the checking data error reaches a minimum.
[fismat3,trnErr,stepSize,fismat4,chkErr]= ...
anfis([datin datout],fismat,[200 0 0.1],[], ...
[chkdatin chkdatout]);
This command returns a list of output arguments. The output arguments show a history of the step sizes, the RMSE using the training data, and the RMSE using the checking data for each training epoch.
1 0.527607 0.617875
2 0.513727 0.615487
.
.
200 0.326576 0.601531
Designated epoch number reached --> ANFIS training completed at
epoch 200.
After the training completes, validate the model by typing the following commands:
fuzout4=evalfis(datin,fismat4);
trnRMSE4=norm(fuzout4-datout)/sqrt(length(fuzout4))
chkfuzout4=evalfis(chkdatin,fismat4);
chkRMSE4=norm(chkfuzout4-chkdatout)/sqrt(length(chkfuzout4))
These commands return the following results:
trnRMSE4 =
0.3393
chkRMSE4 =
0.5833
The error with the training data is the lowest thus far, and the error with the checking data is also slightly lower than before. This result suggests perhaps there is an overfit of the system to the training data. Overfitting occurs when you fit the fuzzy system to the training data so well that it no longer does a very good job of fitting the checking data. The result is a loss of generality.
To view the improved model output, plot the model output against the checking data by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(chkdatout)
hold on
plot(chkfuzout4,'o')
hold off
The model output and checking data are shown as circles and solid blue line, respectively.
Next, plot the training error trnErr by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(trnErr)
Title('Training Error')
xlabel('Number of Epochs')
ylabel('Training Error')
This plot shows that the training error settles at about the 60th epoch point.
Plot the checking error chkErr by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(chkErr)
Title('Checking Error')
xlabel('Number of Epochs')
ylabel('Checking Error')
The plot shows that the smallest value of the checking data error occurs at the 52nd epoch, after which it increases slightly even as anfis continues to minimize the error against the training data all the way to the 200th epoch. Depending on the specified error tolerance, the plot also indicates the model's ability to generalize the test data.
You can also compare the output of fismat2 and fistmat4 against the checking data chkdatout by typing the following commands:
figure
plot(chkdatout)
hold on
plot(chkfuzout4,'ob')
plot(chkfuzout2,'+r')
Data Clustering Using the Clustering GUI Tool
The Clustering GUI Tool implements the fuzzy data clustering functions fcm and subclust and lets you perform clustering on the data. For more information on the clustering functions, see Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Subtractive Clustering.
To start the GUI, type the following command at the MATLAB command prompt:
findcluster
The Clustering GUI Tool shown in the next figure.
This GUI lets you perform the following tasks:
Load and plot the data.
Start the clustering.
Save the cluster center.
Access the online help topics by clicking Info or using the Help menu in the Clustering GUI.
Loading and Plotting the Data
To load a data set in the GUI, perform either of the following actions:
Click Load Data, and select the file containing the data.
Open the GUI with a data set directly by invoking findcluster with the data set as the argument, in the MATLAB Command Window.
The data set must have the extension.dat. For example, to load the data set, clusterdemo.dat, type findcluster('clusterdemo.dat').
The Clustering GUI Tool works on multidimensional data sets, but displays only two of those dimensions on the plot. To select other dimensions in the data set for plotting, you can use the drop-down lists under X-axis and Y-axis.
Starting the Clustering
To start clustering the data:
Choose the clustering function fcm (fuzzy C-Means clustering) or subtractiv (subtractive clustering) from the drop-down menu under Methods.
Set options for the selected method using the Influence Range, Squash, Aspect Ratio, and Reject Ratio fields.
For more information on these methods and their options, refer to fcm, and subclust respectively.
Begin clustering by clicking Start.
After clustering gets completed, the cluster centers appear in black as shown in the next figure.
Saving the Cluster Center
To save the cluster centers, click Save Center.
http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/fuzzy/fp310.html#FP2434
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